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DOE-HDBK-1109-97
Radiological Safety Training for Radiation-Producing (X-Ray) Devices
Instructor's Guide
Lesson Plan
Instructor's Notes
accelerating voltage of the X-ray device is often
described in terms of the peak kilovoltage or kVp.
A voltage of 50 kVp will produce a spectrum of X-
ray energies with the theoretical maximum being 50
keV. The spectrum of energies is continuous from
the maximum to zero. However, X-ray beams are
typically filtered to minimize the low-energy
component. Low-energy X-rays are not useful in
radiography, but can deliver a significant dose.
Many X-ray devices have meters to measure
voltage. Whenever the voltage is on, a device can
produce some X-rays, even if the current is too low
to read.
ii. Current.
The total number of photons produced by an X-ray
device depends on the current, which is measured in
amperes, or amps (A). The current is controlled by
increasing or decreasing the number of electrons
emitted from the cathode. The higher the electron
current, the more X-ray photons are emitted from
the anode. Many X-ray devices have meters to
measure current. However, as mentioned above, X-
rays can be produced by voltage even if the current
is too low to read on the meter. This is sometimes
called dark current. This situation can cause
unnecessary exposure and should be addressed in
SOPs or work documents.
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