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DOE-HDBK-1109-97
Radiological Safety Training for Radiation-Producing (X-Ray) Devices
Instructor's Guide
Lesson Plan
Instructor's Notes
i.
Dose Rate.
The rate of dose delivery is commonly categorized
as acute or chronic. An acute dose is received in a
short period (seconds to days); a chronic dose is
received over a longer period (months to years).
For the same total dose, an acute dose is more
damaging than a chronic dose. It is believed that
this effect is due to the ability of cells to repair
damage over time. With an acute dose, a cell may
receive many "hits" without sufficient time to repair
damage.
ii. Total Dose Received.
The higher the total amount of radiation received,
the greater the biological effects. The effects of a
whole body dose of less than 25 rem are generally
not clinically observable. For doses of 25-100 rem
there are generally no symptoms, but a few persons
may exhibit mild prodromal symptoms, such as
nausea and anorexia. Bone-marrow damage may be
noted, and a decrease in red and white blood-cell
counts and platelet count should be discernable.
100-300 rem may result in mild to severe nausea,
malaise, anorexia, infection. Hematologic damage
will be more severe. Recovery is probable, though
not assured.
Although effects of lower doses have not been
observed directly, it is conservatively assumed that
the higher the total dose, the greater the risk of
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