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DOE-HDBK-1109-97
Radiological Safety Training for Radiation-Producing (X-Ray) Devices
Instructor's Guide
Primary radiation: Radiation coming directly from the target of the X-ray tube or from the sealed
source.
Quality factor: An energy-dependent dimensionless factor by which absorbed dose is to be multiplied to
obtain, on a common scale for all ionizing radiations, the magnitude of radiation effects likely to be
incurred by exposed persons. The quality factor for X-rays, gamma rays, and most beta particles is 1.0.
Rad (radiation absorbed dose): The unit of absorbed dose. One rad equals 100 ergs per gram.
Radiation Area: Any area accessible to individuals in which radiation levels could result in an individual
receiving a deep dose equivalent in excess of 0.005 rem (0.05 millisievert) in 1 hour at 30 centimeters from
the source or from any surface that the radiation penetrates. (10 CFR 835.2(a)).
Radiation source: A device or a material that is capable of emitting ionizing radiation.
Radiological worker: A general employee whose job assignment involves operation of radiation-
producing devices or working with radioactive materials, or who is likely to be routinely occupationally
exposed above 0.1 rem per year total effective dose equivalent. (10 CFR 835.2(a))
Radiological control technician (RCT): Any person who is actively engaged in or who has completed
facility-specific RCT training and qualification programs.
Rem (roentgen equivalent man): The unit of dose equivalence used for humans, which considers the
biological effects of different types of radiation. The dose equivalent in rem is numerically equal to the
absorbed dose in rad multiplied by the applicable quality factor.
Roentgen (R): The unit of exposure. One roentgen equals 2.58 x 10-4 coulomb per kilogram of air.
Scattered radiation: Radiation that has been deviated in direction as a result of interaction with matter
and has usually been reduced in energy.
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