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DOE-STD-1020-2002
Table D-1 Examples of Similar Damage from Straight Winds, Hurricanes, and Tornadoes
Type of Damage
Winds
Hurricanes
Tornadoes
Windward wall collapses
Mobile home, Big Spring,
A-frame, Hurricane Diana
Metal building, Lubbock
Inward
Texas 1973
1984
Texas 1970
Leeward wall or side wall
Warehouse, Big Spring,
Commercial building,
Warehouse, Lubbock,
collapses outward
Texas 1973
Hurricane Celia 1970
Texas 1970
Roof
Warehouse, Joplin,
Motel, Hurricane Frederick
School, Wichita Falls,
Missouri 1973
1979
Texas 1979
Eaves
Mobile home, Big Spring,
A-frame, Hurricane Diana
Metal building, Lubbock,
Texas 1973
1984
Texas 1970
Roof corners
Residence, Irvine,
Residence, Hurricane
Apartment building,
California 1977
Frederick 1979
Omaha, Nebraska 1975
Wall corners
Metal building, Irvine,
Flagship Motel, Hurricane
Manufacturing building,
California 1977
Alicia 1983
Wichita Falls, Texas 1979
Internal pressure
Not applicable
Two-story office building,
High School, Xenia, Ohio
Cyclone Tracey, Darwin,
1974
Australia 1974
A somewhat arbitrary, but quantitative approach is used to determine if a particular DOE
site should be designed for tornadoes. Hazard assessments for both straight winds and tornadoes
for each DOE site are presented in Reference D-2. The intersection of the straight wind and
tornado hazard curves determines if tornadoes should be included in the design and evaluation
criteria. If the exceedance probability at the intersection is greater than or equal to 2x10-5,
tornadoes are a viable threat at the site. If the exceedance probability is less than 2x10-5,
straight winds control the design or evaluation criteria. The concept is illustrated in Figure D-1
(using fastest mile basis for illustration). Straight wind and tornado hazard curves are shown for
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). The
SLAC curves intersect at an exceedance probability of approximately 2x10-7, indicating that
tornadoes are not a viable threat at the California site. On the other hand, the intersection of the
ORNL curves is at 6x10-5 suggesting that tornadoes should be included in the design and
evaluation criteria. Design wind speeds for the 25 DOE project sites were selected on this basis.
However, this methodology is now superceeded by adopting latest information for straight winds
and hurricanes in ASCE 7-98. However, at few sites previous site specific data still governs.
For tornadoes, assessment is to be made by new methodology developed at LLNL (Reference D-
13).
D.3
The ratios of hazard probabilities to performance goal probabilities (risk reduction factor)
for the Performance Categories in Table D-2 are an approximate measure of the conservatism
D-3


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