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DOE-STD-1098-99
Radiological Control
Excellence in Radiological Control
March 2005
117 The "As Low As Is Reasonably Achievable" Process
10 CFR 835 requires DOE activities to develop and implement plans and measures to maintain occupational radiation
exposures as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA) [see 10 CFR 835.101 and 835.1001]. As applied to occupational
radiation exposure, the ALARA process does not require that exposures to radiological hazards be minimized without
further consideration, but that such exposures be optimized, taking into account both the benefits arising out of the
activity and the detriments arising from the resultant radiation exposures and the controls to be implemented.
An effective ALARA process includes effective consideration, planning, and implementation of both physical design
features (including engineering controls) and administrative controls to balance the risks of occupational radiation
exposure against the benefits arising out of the authorized activity. Lessons learned are documented, institutionalized,
and considered in planning and executing subsequent activities to further the goals of the ALARA process and to provide
optimal employee protection.
While most or all of the provisions of this Standard support the ALARA process, the provisions of Chapter 3 are
specifically directed toward the planning and execution of work, physical design features and administrative controls, and
efforts to implement work controls commensurate with the radiological hazards.
118 Integrated Safety Management
DOE requires its contractors to develop and implement an Integrated Safety Management system (ISM) that integrates
safety (including radiological safety) into management and work practices at all levels (See DOE Policy P 450.4 and its
associated guidance documents). DOE intends for the provisions of this Standard to be consistent with, and to
complement implementation of, ISM. This Standard supports ISM by providing a system of radiological controls that
can be implemented on a site-wide basis and tailored to meet facility-and hazard-specific needs. This Standard also
provides guidance for increasing worker involvement in identification and implementation of appropriate controls. Like
the ALARA process, an effective integrated safety management system emphasizes the development and implementation
of controls that are commensurate with the hazards associated with any specified activity.
1.
Under ISM, both DOE and DOE-contractor line managers are charged with responsibility for integrating safety
measures into all facets of work planning and execution. Line managers should use this Standard as a guide to
integrating radiological control measures into work planning and execution.
2.
This Standard supports the ISM guiding principles as follows:
Line Management Responsibility - This Standard clearly indicates that line management is responsible for
ensuring adequate implementation of the radiological control program.
Clear Roles and Responsibilities - This Standard establishes clear roles and responsibilities for DOE and
contractor line management and for the radiological control organization.
Competence Commensurate with Responsibilities - This Standard provides guidance for providing classroom
and on-the-job training so that individuals may gain and maintain the appropriate competence.
Identification of Safety Standards and Requirements - This Standard provides cross-references to other DOE,
Federal Agency, scientific, and consensus standards that are important to developing and implementing an
effective and comprehensive radiological control program.
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