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DOE-STD-1136-2004
Guide of Good Practices for Occupational Radiological Protection in Uranium Facilities
4.0 CONTAMINATION CONTROL
Contamination control is an important part of the overall radiological control program. There are three
main aspects to this: 1) control of the release of contamination into the work-place environment; 2) control
of personnel exposure to the contamination that does get into the work place; and 3) protection of personnel
from intake of contaminants. Effective control of personnel exposure to uranium and its decay products is
accomplished mainly by controlling the potential for inhalation and ingestion of radioactive materials.
Monitoring provides an indication of the effectiveness of physical design features and administrative
controls in controlling exposure to radioactive material.
This chapter addresses the basic features of an effective contamination control program and the
technical considerations of implementing the program. A release of radioactive material from containment
typically results in surface contamination and airborne dispersion. Airborne contaminants are continuously
cleared from the work place by ventilation. Strategic air sampling detects the release of an airborne
contaminant and provides the means for control, minimization of personnel exposure, and evaluation of
inhalation exposure. Considerations for design of an air monitoring program are followed in this chapter by
a section on surface contamination control. Finally, protection of personnel from contaminant intake is
accomplished with protective clothing and respiratory protection.
4.1 AIR MONITORING
The most common route of uranium intake for workers is by inhalation. Airborne particles deposit
throughout the respiratory tract. Some of the deposited particles are swallowed, contributing to ingestion,
requiring that both inhalation and ingestion be considered with an exposure to airborne material. The
particle size distribution that determines deposition in the respiratory tract is affected by the mechanism of
dispersion and the nature of the source material. Characterization of inhalation exposure should make use
of all available information about the chemical and physical form of airborne material. This information,
along with spatial and temporal distribution, provides the basis to minimize personnel exposure for air
contamination control.
4.1.1 Internal Versus External Dose Philosophy
The widespread application of methods to contain uranium in DOE facilities has resulted in a history
of relatively minor internal exposures. The methods used to control internal dose have been developed for
a varie ty of reasons:
a. The assessment of internal dose requiring bioassay is difficult, imprecise, time-consuming, and
offensive to personnel as compared to external dosimetry. For example, an accidental internal
uptake may require the subject to submit dozens of biological samples over the span of many
months, as well as requiring extensive analytical support for measurement of sample content,
considerable time of trained professionals to analyze data and calculate the internal dose, and long
lapses before dose estimates are available, thus handicapping the assessment of the occupational
exposure status and treatment of the worker.
4-1


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