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DOE-HDBK-3010-94
4.0
Solids; Nonmetallic or Composite Solids
4.3.1.2
A ggregate
If heated for an adequate period of time, aggregate such as cement/concrete will undergo
chemical change to carbon dioxide, water (release of tritiated water incorporated in the
concrete) and CaO that may carry any non-volatile radionuclides as contamination on the
particles generated. Up to 30% of the material may be volatilized over a long period of
time-at-temperature depending on the composition of the concrete (Chan, Ballinger and
Owczarski, February 1989).
The materials loss over various temperature ranges were (Chan, Ballinger and Owczarski
February 1989):
20 to 200 oC -
loss of evaporable water, equal to or greater than 5% of
concrete mass;
200 to 600 oC -
loss of chemically bound water, equal to or greater than 5% of
concrete mass;
>650 oC -
loss of carbon dioxide, ~ 22% of concrete mass may be
degraded to a suspendible powder
Thus, if tritiated water was used in concrete formation, approximately half the tritium
activity would be released from 20 to 200 oC and half the tritium activity at 200 to
600 oC. Up to 22% of the non-volatile activities would be at risk if adequate time at
temperature is postulated at a temperature of 650 oC or greater. Since a vapor flux away
from the surface is present, the bounding ARF and RF assessed in section 4.4.1 for heating of
powders of 6E-3 and 0.01 are applicable. The MAR is the fraction of material actually
present as a powder.
4.3.1.3
E n cased N u clear M aterial
4.3.1.3.1 S p en t N u clear F u el. Various types of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) are found
within the DOE complex - SNF from commercial nuclear power, SNF from research
reactors, SNF from naval reactors, spent targets, etc. Various fuel materials may be used
such as: sintered, compacted, ceramic oxide; uranium metal; uranium alloys; and uranium
cermets. Various types of cladding may be used to contain the fuel during use and storage:
zircaloy metal; stainless steel; and various compositions of aluminum. Some small fraction
of the SNF may have cladding failures exposing the base material to the ambient
environment during storage (generally water). SNF from commercial nuclear power
generation that is not breached can be under high pressures. The SNF considered here is
Page 4-48


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