Explosive Stress - h3010v10042

DOE-HDBK-3010-94

3.0 Liquids; Summary

Explosive Stress

Releases are discussed for detonation shock effects, detonation or deflagration blast effects,

deflagration pressurized venting effects, and general pressurized venting. The effect most

closely resembling stresses in a given explosive-type accident scenario is chosen. There is

no need to assume cumulative releases for all effects cited.

Shock Effects. For detonations in or immediately contiguous to a pool of

liquid, a bounding respirable release is assessed to be the mass of inert

material equal to the calculated TNT equivalent. At low mass ratios, the

respirable release is comparable to the total material release. As mass ratios

increase, the respirable fraction becomes significantly less than the total

amount of material released, which decreases with increasing mass ratio as

well.

Blast Effects. For detonations and deflagration at a distance where the

pressure impulse is essentially equal to a flow parallel to the surface of the

liquid, an ARF of 4E-3/hour (1E-6/second) for the time the pressure pulse is

over the liquid and an RF of 1.0 are conservatively assumed.

Venting of Pressurized Liquids. There are three main regimes of pressurized

venting of liquids: (1) venting below liquid level, (2) venting above liquid

level, and (3) venting of superheated liquid (i.e., flashing spray). This

phenomena covers general pressurized venting, including deflagration induced

pressurized venting effects.

Depressurization of liquid via a failure under the liquid surface level.

Liquids covered are those at or below their boiling points. Bounding

ARF and RF are estimated using the mass fraction of droplets 10-m

and less in diameter formed by commercial spray nozzles (device

designed to produce small drops) under conditions that will exceed

those anticipated for most accident situation (3.25-mm diameter orifice

at 200 psig upstream pressure).

Bounding

ARF 1E-4/RF 1.0

Depressurization of containment via a failure above the liquid level or

overall containment failure. Values are determined for elevated levels

of dissolved gases and gas pressure pulses above liquids. Liquids

covered are those at or below their boiling points.

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