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DOE-HDBK-3010-94
7.0 Application Examples; Liquid Storage and Ion Exchange Examples
7.3.5.2
Release Estimation
The only new potential energetic phenomenon presented by this example is superheating of
liquid solutions due to a fire. However, liquid spills are examined as well because this
operation can be perceived to be different from previous examples and involves more material.
A. Liquid Spill. Spills for the tank farm and sampling operation can occur as small
drop leaks, pressurized spray releases, or free-fall spill from piping or tank failure.
The waste tanks will be ignored in this example as any given waste tank only holds less
than 5 g of plutonium when full. Maximum operational tank MARs and solution
concentrations by type and number of available tanks are: 1320 g for ion exchange
feed at ~ 7 g/l (6 tanks); 5830 g for ion exchange eluate at ~ 30 g/l (2 tanks); and
11,650 g for precipitator feed at ~ 90 g/l (2 tanks). The ion exchange eluate and
precipitator feed solutions have densities between 1.1 g/cm3 and 1.2 g/cm3, which will
result in higher spill release fractions.
The plutonium solution piping outside gloveboxes is sheathed, annular piping with leak
detection points. The first example will consider a small leak inside a glovebox. The
leak could also be assumed to occur in the maintenance rooms for the wet processing
or sampling lines if accumulated liquid in the annular piping region was dripping from
a leak detection point. That effect would be the same as if unconfined, single piping
were used.
In a number of pipetting operations, 20 drops is a standard for 1 ml. It is assumed that
this is the drop size leaking from piping so that each drop contains 0.05 ml. If the
leaking solution is at the maximum concentration of 90 g/l, each drop contains 4.5E-3
g, or 4.5 mg. The ARF and RF for free-fall spill of an aqueous radionuclide solution
(density less than 1.2 g/cm3) less than 3 m are 2E-4 and 0.5 (section 3.2.3). The initial
respirable source term is:
4.5 mg * 1.0 * 2E-4 * 0.5 = 0.45 g
If the leak rate is 1 drop/sec, the airborne release is almost 5 g in 10 seconds, 30 g
in a minute, 1.6 mg in an hour, and 39 mg in a day.
If a tank experiences a large failure, or a pipe is sheared in half, a continuous flow of
liquid would experience free-fall spill release. If the entire contents of the most heavily
loaded tank is released in such a manner, the initial airborne source term is:
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