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DOE-STD-1027-92
events. In such cases, the combination of various barrier successes and
failures is best represented by using ET analysis.
Large, Moderately Complex Processes
4)
Use Fault Tree Analysis (FT)
Large, moderately complex processes include solid handling (e.g.,
machining and assembly) activities which include rather simple movement
of materials from one discrete step to another. Both ET analysis and FT
analysis techniques are appropriate for such facilities. FT analysis is a top-
down approach for systematic assessment of various ways by which an
undesirable event can occur. It begins with the undesirable event and
proceeds to identify the event or sequence of events leading to that event.
The fault tree can be developed to any desired level of detail. If
quantification is desired, the fault tree is usually developed to the lowest
level where data for these basic events are available, be it the subsystem,
component, or component piece or part level.
Since FT analysis starts from the undesirable event and logically identifies
basic fault conditions which can contribute to its occurrence, only those
faults contributing to the occurrence of undesired event are modeled. This
process is much more efficient than bottom-up approaches such as FMEA
and is the main reason for its wide spread use. FT analysis is most suitable
for analysis of large, moderately complex systems or processes where
multiple component failures including human errors can contribute to the
failure of the system or process.
5)
Complex Fluid Processes
Use Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
Complex fluid processes involve arrays of piping, tanks, and instrumentation
and control systems. Examples of these processes include PUREX,
chemical separations, isotope separations (e.g., uranium enrichment), and
petrochemical processing. HAZOP is a standard and widespread technique
used for the analysis of chemical flow processes. The main elements of
HAZOP include determining (1) the hazards which exist in a unit or are
associated with a process, (2) the effects associated with the hazard (e.g.,
safety, environmental, economic), (3) the occurrence of accidents, and (4)
the measures to prevent a hazard from occurring or to mitigate the effects of
an accident or failure.
HAZOP entails the investigation of deviations from design intent for a
process by a team of individuals with expertise in different areas such as
engineering, chemistry, safety, operations, and maintenance. The approach
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