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DOE-HDBK-1109-97
Radiological Safety Training for Radiation-Producing (X-Ray) Devices
Instructor's Guide
Secondary radiation: Radiation (electrons, X-rays, gamma rays, or neutrons) produced by the interaction
of primary radiation with matter.
Shielding: Attenuating material used to reduce the transmission of radiation. The two general types of
shielding are primary and secondary. Primary shielding is material sufficient to attenuate the useful beam
to the required level. Secondary shielding is material sufficient to attenuate stray radiation to the required
level.
Shielded installation: An industrial X-ray installation in which the source of radiation and all objects
exposed to that source are within a permanent enclosure.
Skyshine: Radiation emerging from a shielded enclosure which then scatters off air molecules to increase
radiation levels at some distance from the outside of the shield.
Stem radiation: X-rays given off from parts of the anode other than the target, particularly from the
target support.
Stray radiation: Radiation other than the useful beam. It includes leakage and scattered radiation.
Survey: An evaluation of the radiological conditions and potential hazards incident to the production, use,
transfer, release, disposal, or presence of radioactive material or other sources of radiation. When
appropriate, such an evaluation includes a physical survey of the location of radioactive material and
measurements or calculations of levels of radiation, or concentrations or quantities of radioactive material
present. (10 CFR 835.2(a)).
System barrier: The portion of an X-ray installation that clearly defines the transition from a Controlled
Area to a Radiation Area and provides such shielding as may be required to limit the dose rate in the
Controlled Area during normal operation.
Tenth-value layer (TVL): The thickness of a specified substance that, when introduced into a beam of
radiation, reduces the dose rate to one-tenth of the original value. One TVL is equivalent to 3.3 HVLs.
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