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|  Radiological Assessor Training
DOE-HDBK-1141-2001
Instructor's Guide
The characteristic x-rays can be analyzed by
determining their energy, or by determining their
wavelength. Either way, the result leads to
information about the elemental composition of
the sample.
These instruments are usually completely
enclosed. Access doors are provided for
changing samples, and the doors are equipped
with interlocks to prevent access to the x-ray
beam.
The hazard is primarily an external dose hazard
to scattered radiation from the components and
the sample, and is typically fairly low.
B. X-ray diffraction
When x-rays are scattered by a crystalline solid,
they are scattered from the different atoms, but
Collimated = focused
only in certain directions. This technique is used
for crystal structure research.
The primary beam and the diffracted beams are
very small and well collimated. In some types of
diffraction equipment, the sample cannot be
enclosed in a structure. The primary beam is
controlled by a shutter that opens and closes.
The major hazard associated with diffraction
units is intense, localized exposure from the
primary beam to the hands or eyes that can
occur during sample changing or beam
alignment procedures with the shutter
inadvertently open. The primary beam is very
small, but may have an intensity of up to 40,000
R/min. At this exposure rate, even short
exposures of the hands and fingers could result
in severe injury, and potential loss of fingers.
Module 12 8
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