Guide to Good Practices for Occupational Radiological Protection in Plutonium Facilities

Click here to make tpub.com your Home Page

Page Title: Guide to Good Practices for Occupational Radiological Protection in Plutonium Facilities

Click here for thousands of PDF manuals

Web
www.tpub.com

Information Categories

....

Administration
Advancement
Aerographer
Automotive
Aviation
Construction
Diving
Draftsman
Engineering
Electronics
Food and Cooking
Logistics
Math
Medical
Music
Nuclear Fundamentals
Photography
Religion

Guide to Good Practices for Occupational Radiological Protection in Plutonium Facilities

Guide to Good Practices for Occupational Radiological Protection in Plutonium Facilities
This document has been reproduced from the best available copy.
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98 - Continued
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98 - Continued
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98 - Continued
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98 - Continued
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98 - Continued
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98 - Continued
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98 - Continued
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98 - Continued
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98 - Continued
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98 - Continued
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98 - Continued
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98 - Continued
Changes to DOE-STD-1128-98 - Continued
Foreword
Guide to Good Practices for Occupational Radiological Protection in Plutonium Facilities
Standard Developers
Table of Contents
Table of Contents - Continued
Figures
Tables
Introduction
Definitions
Manufacture, Properties, and Hazards
Figure 2.1. Principal Modes of Plutonium Production by Neutron Irradiation of Uranium
Future Sources of Plutonium
Table 2.2. Uses and Availabilities of Plutonium Isotopes
Decay Schemes
Table 2.3. Radioactive Decay Properties of Selected Isotopes and Decay Products, Excluding Spontaneous Fission(a)
Table 2.4. Specific Activity Decay Heats of Selected Isotopes(a)
Neutron Yields and Spectra
Plutonium Metal
Figure 2.3 Neutron Energy Spectra of Plutonium-Beryllium and Plutonium-Boron Neutron Sources Compared
Table 2.5. Allotropic Forms of Plutonium Metal(a)
Plutonium Alloys
Plutonium Nitrate, Oxalate, Peroxide, and Fluorides
Table 2.6. Solubilities and Properties of Selected Compounds
Plutonium Hydride
Plutonium Chlorides
Modes of Entry into the Body
Transfer to the Fetus
Transfer to the Fetus - Continued
Table 2.7. Common Biokinetic Models for Plutonium and Americium
Self-Heating
Table 2.8. Potential Hazards or Damage to Materials from Exposure to Radiation
Redox Reactions
Miscellaneous Radiolytic Reactions
Chemical Versus Radiological Hazards
Hazards Created by Oxidation and Pyrophoricity
Figure 2.4 Hazards in Low-Exposure Plutonium Handling
Table 2.9. Hazards of Chemicals Used in Processing Plutonium(a)
Ignition Temperatures and Pyrophoricity of Plutonium, Its Alloys, and Its Compounds
Aerolization of Plutonium
Storage and Containment
Storage and Containment - Continued
Table 2.10. Storage Recommendations for Plutonium Metal and Dioxide (adapted from Haschke and Martz, 1993)
Radiation Protection
Quality Assurance
Radiation Protection Procedures
Radiological Surveys and Data Trending
Radiological Surveys and Data Trending - Continued
Radiological Surveys and Data Trending - Continued
Radiological Surveys and Data Trending - Continued
Radiological Surveys and Data Trending - Continued
Facility Posting and Labeling
Visitors
Visits by Regulatory Personnel
Onsite Packaging and Transportation
Management Commitment
Adequacy of Personnel and Equipment
Staffing and Staff Qualifications
Staffing Levels
General Performance Criteria for Instruments
Portable Survey Instruments
Performance Criteria for Fixed Monitoring Instruments
Airborne Contamination Monitors
Surface Contamination Monitors.
Criticality Alarm Systems.
Instrument Calibrations and Testing
Instrument Calibrations and Testing - Continued
Radiation Safety Training
Radiological Control Technician Training
Radiological Records
Current Status of ALARA Programs
Quality Assurance
Attributes of Effective Review and Audit
Source Reduction.
Administrative
Conduct of Operations
Radiation Work Procedures
Posting and Labeling
Decommissioning of Weapons and Weapon Facilities
Contamination Control
Purpose of Air Monitoring
Table 4.1.Surface Radioactivity Values,(1) dpm/100 cm2
Samples and Instrumentation
Sample Analysis
Surface Contamination Control
Plant Surfaces
Housekeeping
Vacuuming
Reporting and Documenting Contamination Levels
Characteristics of Plutonium Contamination
Monitoring
Contamination Surveys of the Workplace
External Exposure Surveys
Surveys for Removable Contamination
Scan Survey for Fixed Contamination
Release Criteria
Plutonium Contamination Detection
ALARA Guidelines
Monitoring Program
Requirements for Routine Operations
Requirements for Special Maintenance
Respiratory Protection
Release Criteria
Personnel Decontamination
Internal Dosimetry
Internal Dose Evaluation Program
Performance Capabilities for Internal Exposure Monitoring
Table 5.1. Urine Bioassay Goals(a) for 239Pu
Table 5.2. Fecal Bioassay Goals(a) for 239Pu
Table 5.3. In Vivo Lung Measurement Bioassay Goals(a) for 241Am as an Indicator
Performance Capabilities for Internal Exposure Monitoring - Continued
Protection of the Embryo/Fetus, Minors, and Members of the Public
Scope of Bioassay Program
Table 5.4. Example Plutonium Isotope Mixtures Immediately Post-Separation, wt%
Classification of Bioassay Measurements
Monitoring Requirements and Selection of Employees
In Vivo Counting
In Vitro Analysis
Establishing Bioassay Frequency
Frequency Based on Program Sensitivity
Special Bioassay as Supplements to Routine Bioassay Programs
Administratiion of a Bioassay Program
In Vivo Monitoring
Urine Sampling
Fecal Sampling
Modeling the Behavior of Plutonium in the Body
Gastrointestinal Tract
Natural Plutonium Balance in Man
Interpretation of Bioassay Results
In Vivo Count Results
Urine Sample Results
Fecal Sample Results
Dose Assessment
Methods of Estimating Intake
Methods of Estimating Intake - Continued
Table 5.6. Intake Retention Fractions(a) for 239Pu
Evaluating 241Am Ingrowth in an In Vivo Count
Evaluating 241Am Ingrowth in an In Vivo Count - Continued
Indicator and Action Levels
Table 5.7. Plutonium or 241Am Indicator Levels for Internal Dosimetry Evaluation
Response to Suspected Intakes
Response to Suspected Intakes - Continued
Planning
Responsibilities for Management of Internal Contamination
Contaminated Wounds
External Dose Control
Limiting Quantities
Table 6.2. Tissue Weighing Factors
Table 6.3. Radiation Dose Limits for DOE and DOE Contractors
Radiations in Plutonium Facilities
Gamma Doses
Measured Gamma Dose Rates
Table 6.4. Isotopic Composition of the Plutonium Used in the Extremity Dosimetry Measurements
Table 6.5. Gamma Dose Rates Along an Arm Phantom in Contact with a Steel Can Containing 1 kg
Table 6.6. Gamma Dose Rates Measured with an Arm Phantom Placed Inside Gloves Dusted
Calculated Photon Dose Rates
Neutron Dose Equivalents
Calculated Neutron Dose Equivalent Rates
Neutron Emission Yields
Table 6.7.1 Spontaneous Fission Neutron Yields
Neutron Emission Yields - Continued
Table 6.8. Neutron Yields from Alpha-Neutron Reactions for Oxides and Fluorides
Table 6.9. Neutron Yields for Trace Impurities in Plutonium and Uranium
Radiation Detection and Evaluation
Personnel Dosimetry
Personnel Dosimetry - Continued
Extremity Dosimetry
Figure 6.2. Energy Dependence of Various TLD-Albedo Dosimeters
Criticality Accident Dosimetry
Criticality Accident Dosimetry - Continued
Criticality Accident Dosimetry - Continued
Figure 6.4. Fixed Nuclear Accident Dosimeter Used at Hanford to help Assess Doses from Criticality
Dose to Lens of Eye
Multisphere Spectrometer System
Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter
Proton Recoil and Other Spectrometers
External Dose Reduction
Distance
Neutron Shielding
Table 6.11.1 Photon Dose Rates at 2 Meters from Cylinders of Plutonium Containing 1 kg
Table 6.12. Isotopic Composition of Plutonium Sources at 5 Years After Chemical Separation
Figure 6.7 Reduction in Neutron Dose Equivalent Rate for Various Slab Shields for Plutonium
Figure 6.8. Reduction in Neutron Dose Equivalent Rate for Various Slab Shields for Plutonium
Nuclear Criticality Safety
Regulations and Standards
Criticality Control Factors
Technical Control Factors
Table 7.1.Subcritical, Single Parameter Limits for Plutonium Solutions and Metals (ANSI, 1983b)
Administrative Control Factors
Plans and Procedures
Criticality Accident Experience
Summary of Past Criticality Accidents
Criticality Alarms and Nuclear Accident Dosimetry
Criticality Alarm System
Nuclear Accident Dosimetry
Initial Screening Evaluation
Fixed and Personnel Nuclear Accident Dosimeters
Fixed and Personnel Nuclear Accident Dosimeters - Continued
Responsibilities pf Health Physics Staff
Emergency Response Actions
Department of Energy Plutonium Vulnerability Analysis Study
Department of Energy Plutonium Vulnerability Analysis Study - Continued
Potentially Contaminated Wastes
Table 8.1. Waste Types(a)
Treatability Groups
Waste Disposal
Airbone Waste
Design Objectives
Operational Controls
Solid Waste
Design Objectives
Waste Minimization
Waste Classification Control
Waste Treatments
Sampling and Monitoring
Liquid Waste
Operational Controls
Waste Treatments
Precipitation and Co-precipitation
Ion Exchange
Purification by Reverse Osmosis
Sampling and Monitoring
Table 8.3. Interim Recommendations for Storage of Plutonium Metal and Plutonium Oxide
Table 8.3. Interim Recommendations for Storage of Plutonium Metal and Plutonium Oxide - Continued
Table 8.3. Interim Recommendations for Storage of Plutonium Metal and Plutonium Oxide - Continued
Emergency Management in DOE
Requirements Pertaining to All DOE Operations
Specific Guidance on Emergency Mangement for Plutonium Facilities
Hazards Assessment
Hazards Assessment - Continued
Program Elements
Program Elements - Continued
Program Elements - Continued
Program Elements - Continued
Decontamination and Decommissioning
Other Regulations
Residual Radioactivity Levels
Residual Radioactivity Levels - Continued
Residual Radioactivity Levels - Continued
Design Features
Ventilation Systems
Other Features
Decontamination and Decommissioning Program Requirements
Decontamination and Decommissioning Experience
Decontamination and Decommissioning Experience - Continued
Decontamination and Decommissioning Experience - Continued
References
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
References - Continued
Appendix A: Glossary
Appendix A: Glossary - Continued
Appendix A: Glossary - Continued
Appendix A: Glossary - Continued
Appendix A: Glossary - Continued
Appendix A: Glossary - Continued
Appendix B: Plutonium in Department of Energy Facilities
Hanford Site
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Sandia National Laboratories
Savannah River Site
Appendix C: Facility Design
Design Objectives
Design Objectives - Continued
General Design Considerations
Confinement
Safety Basis Analysis
Structural Criteria
Other Natural Phenomena
General Design Criteria
General Design Criteria - Continued
Process Area
Piping and Valves
Structure
Confinement Devices
Confinement Devices - Continued
Confinement Devices - Continued
Confinement Devices - Continued
Controlled Area
Change Rooms
Service and Utility Systems
Air Flow and Balance
Air Supply
Exhaust Systems
System Testing and Control
Electrical Power
Water Supply
Special Systems and Equipment
Personnel Monitoring
Other Systems
Concluding Material
Blank Page
Blank Page
Blank Page
Table 6.6. Gamma Dose Rates Measured with an Arm Phantom Placed Inside Gloves Dusted
Blank Page
Blank Page
Blank Page
Blank Page
Blank Page
Blank Page
Blank Page
Blank Page
Blank Page

Guide to Good Practices for Occupational Radiological Protection in Plutonium Facilities

Privacy Statement - Press Release - Copyright Information. - Contact Us

Integrated Publishing, Inc. - A (SDVOSB) Service Disabled Veteran Owned Small Business