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DOE-HDBK-1108-2002
Radiological Training for Accelerator Facilities
Instructor's Guide
Lesson Plan
Notes
1.
Operation
In the cyclotron, magnets guide the particle along a spiral path,
allowing a single electric field to apply many cycles of
2.
Prototype
Soon unprecedented energies were achieved, and the steady
improvement of Lawrence's simple machine has led to today's
synchrotrons, whose endless circular flight paths allow
particles to gain huge energies by passing millions of times
through the electric fields that accelerate them.
H.
Synchrotrons
A synchrotron accelerates particles using electric fields over and over
in a circular path. Magnetic fields are used to bend the particles'
trajectories and keep them moving in a circle. The accelerated particles
lose energy rounding the curves, so energy must be continuously
supplied. The beam is extracted heading toward targets and detectors.
I.
Colliders
Until 30 years ago, all accelerators were so-called fixed-target
machines in which the speeding particle beam was made to hit a
stationary target of some chosen substance.
In the early 1960s, physicists had gained enough experience in
accelerator technology to be able to build colliders in which two
carefully controlled beams are made to collide with each other at a
chosen point. The beams for colliders may come from two
synchrotrons or two linear accelerators.
11


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