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DOE-HDBK-1184-2004
3.2.1.1 Removable Contamination
The first step in establishing a surface contamination monitoring program for STCs
is to identify the likelihood that STCs may exist in an area, and if they do, identify
the most likely locations. The best sources of this type of information are historical
records and workers' memories of facility usage. Facility management should
consult these sources for information regarding previous usage of the facility and
specific areas. Almost any area in which tritium was used, handled, or stored may
be considered a candidate for possible STC contamination. For larger facilities,
identification of all STC contaminated areas may be quite time-consuming. Priority
should be placed on identifying and controlling those areas that are likely to have
the highest STC contamination levels. In many cases, this will include areas where
STCs were intentionally created, and areas that have (or had) the highest tritium
contamination levels and the highest probability of host particle formation and
distribution. Such a determination should be made by review of historical
radiological monitoring records and facility processes.
Following identification of those areas most likely to be contaminated with STCs,
detailed radiological monitoring should be performed to identify tritium
contamination levels in the area(s). Such monitoring should be performed using
routine tritium contamination monitoring techniques, commonly using either wet or
dry smears and liquid scintillation counting (LSC). In the past, many facilities have
used styrofoam smears for collection of surface contamination samples for tritium
analyses. Recent changes in the composition of scintillation cocktail fluid have
largely eliminated this practice. The actual sample medium used is not particularly
significant as long as its efficacy in collection of particulate material and suitability
for LSC analysis can be demonstrated. Counting techniques should be capable of
detecting contamination at or below the values provided in Appendix D of 10 CFR
Part 835.
If the results of comprehensive smear surveys indicate that tritium surface
contamination levels are less than one tenth of the 10 CFR 835 Appendix D value,
then it may be appropriate to assume that there are no significant levels of STC
contamination (i.e., levels requiring additional controls, such as posting, access
control, or personnel monitoring). If the results of the smear surveys indicate that
tritium contamination levels equal or exceed one tenth of the 10 CFR 835 Appendix
D values, then further surveys may be conducted to identify sources of STCs in the
area. It may also be necessary to identify the host material(s) so that appropriate
assumptions may be made regarding assimilation and elimination.
3.2.1.2 Total Contamination
DOE has not established a total (fixed pus removable) surface contamination value
for tritium and tritium compounds. The reason is that tritium can diffuse into the
volume of any material to which it is exposed at least in the gaseous forms
normally encountered. After the exposure, the tritium migrates to the surface,
making a definitive distinction between fixed and removable contamination difficult
to ascertain.
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