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DOE-HDBK-3010-94
3 .0 L IQ U ID S
In order for a liquid to be made airborne, in most realistic situations, the bulk liquid must be
subdivided into particles/droplets small enough to be entrained in the local airflow. In some
cases, it may be possible for the activity coefficient of the solute to be adequately reduced so
that some material may be made airborne by vaporization.
This section describes mechanisms by which two types of liquids (aqueous solutions and
organic, combustible solvents) become airborne; the descriptions are based on experiments.
The mechanisms discussed for aqueous solutions include thermal stress, explosive release
(i.e., shock, blast, and pressurized venting effects), free-fall spills, and aerodynamic
entrainment (resuspension). Organic liquids are specifically discussed in relation to thermal
effects.
3.1
SUM M ARY O F ANALYSIS O F DATA
A q u eou s S olu tion s
Thermal Stress
Heating of aqueous solution in flowing air without surface rupture of bubbles.
For the airborne release of bulk liquid during heating of aqueous solutions in
flowing air without noticeable bubbles breaking on the surface of the bulk
liquid, conservative values are based upon the experimental data available.
Median
ARF 6E-7/RF 1.0
Bounding
ARF 3E-5/RF 1.0
Boiling (bubbles continuously breaking the surface of the bulk liquid with
<30% of the volume of the liquid as bubbles) of aqueous solutions in flowing
air. A bounding ARF for the airborne release from the bubble-burst at the
surface for aqueous solutions exceeds all measured values. In the absence of a
measured size distribution for the airborne droplets, a conservative value of
1.0 is assumed for the RF bound.
Median
ARF 1E-3/RF 1.0
Bounding
ARF 2E-3/RF 1.0
Page 3-1


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