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DOE-HDBK-1109-97
Radiological Safety Training for Radiation-Producing (X-Ray) Devices
Instructor=s Guide
Lesson Plan
Instructor=s Notes
second, and the useful beam region is several cm
away from the anode target. These design features
lower the dose rates of the useful X-ray beam
significantly. The dose rate in a typical X-ray beam
is estimated in Module 103 section E iii.
iii. Filtration.
Low- and high-energy photons are sometimes
referred to as soft and hard X-rays, respectively.
Because hard X-rays are more penetrating, they are
more desirable for radiography (producing a
photograph of the interior of the body or a piece of
apparatus). Soft X-rays are less useful for
radiography because they are largely absorbed near
the surface of the body being X-rayed. However,
there are medical applications where soft X-rays are
useful.
A filter, such as a few millimeters of aluminum, or
copper may be used to harden the beam by
absorbing most of the low-energy photons. The
remaining photons are more penetrating and are
more useful for radiography.
In X-ray analytical work (X-ray diffraction and
fluorescence), filters with energy selective
absorption edges are not used to harden the beam,
but to obtain a more monochromatic beam (a beam
26


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