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DOE-HDBK-1109-97
Radiological Safety Training for Radiation-Producing (X-Ray) Devices
Instructor=s Guide
Lesson Plan
Instructor=s Notes
v. Risk of Developing Cancer from Low Doses.
It is not possible to absolutely quantify the risk of
Refer to BEIR V Report, NCRP
cancer from low doses of radiation because the
116, and ICRP60
health effects cannot be distinguished from the
relatively large natural cancer rate (approximately
20 percent of Americans die from cancer). The risk
of health effects from low doses must be inferred
from effects observed from high acute doses. The
risk estimates for high doses were developed
through studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors,
uranium miners, radium watch-dial painters, and
radiotherapy patients. These risk factors are
applied to low doses with a reduction factor for
chronic exposures.
However, below 10 rem, health effects are too
small to measure. The dose limits and
administrative control levels listed in Module 101
have been established so that the risk to workers is
on a par with the risks to workers in safe industries,
assuming a linear relationship between dose and
health effects. However, these are maximum values
and the ALARA principle stresses maintaining
doses well below these values.
vi. Effects of Prenatal Exposure (Teratogenic Effects).
The embryo/fetus is especially sensitive to
radiation. The embryo is sensitive to radiation
because of the relatively high replication activity of
the cells and the large number of nonspecialized
cells.
40


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