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DOE-HDBK-1109-97
Radiological Safety Training for Radiation-Producing (X-Ray) Devices
Student's Guide
There are independent analyses for each component to derive an acceptable shield
thickness.
For example, the calculation used for the primary X-ray beam depends on:
- Peak voltage.
- The maximum permissible exposure rate to an individual.
- The workload of the machine expressed in mA min/wk.
- The use factor: the fraction of the workload during which the useful
beam is pointed in a direction under consideration.
- The occupancy factor that takes into account the fraction of time that
an area outside the barrier is likely to be occupied by a given
individual.
- The distance from the target of the tube to the location under
consideration.
The calculation uses conservative values and derives a value (K) that is used with
graphs to determine shield thickness of a given type of material (e.g., lead or
concrete).
F.
WARNING DEVICES
Operators should be aware of the status of the X-ray tube. Indicators that warn of X-ray
production typically include:
A current meter on the X-ray control panel.
A warning light labeled X-RAYS ON near or on the control panel.
Warning light labeled X-RAYS ON near any X-ray room door.
These warning lights or indicators are activated automatically when power is available
for X-ray production.
For X-ray systems with an open beam in a shielded room, evacuation warning signals and
signs must be activated at least 20 seconds before X-ray production can be started. Any
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