Tritium Handling and Safe Storage

• Tritium Handling and Safe Storage
• This document has been reproduced from the best available copy
• Table of Contents
• Table of Contents cont'd
• Table of Contents cont'd
• Foreword
• Acronyms
• Acronyms cont'd
• Introduction
• Referenced Material for Further Information
• Tritium
• Physical Properties
• Chemical Properties
• Table 2-1. Derived air concentrations for tritium and tritiated water
• Preferred Forms
• Metal Tritides
• Identity of Common Forms
• Table 2-3. Dissociation pressure equation parameters for uranium hydride, deuteride, and tritide
• Figure 2-4. Dissociation pressure for uranium, hydride, deuteride, and tritide
• Palladium
• Table 2-4. Dissociation pressure equation parameters for palladium hydride and deuteride
• Titanium
• Absorbed Water
• Summary
• Best for Disposal Conditions
• EPA Maximum Contaminant Level for Tritium
• EPA Maximum Contaminant Level for Tritium cont'd
• Reactor- Versus Accelerator-Produced Tritium
• Tritium Safeguards and Security
• Tritium Facility Safety Analysis and Regulatory Quantity Limits
• Material Release Assumptions
• Table 3-2. Worst-case doses in rem resulting from release of 1 Ci of tritium
• Table 3-2. Worst-case doses in rem resulting from release of 1 Ci of tritium cont'd
• Integrated Safety Management
• Radiological Materials Quantity Limits
• Tritium Unpackaging, Handling, and Packaging Areas, Quantity Limits
• Tritium Capture, Contain, and Cleanup Process
• Figure 4-1. Tritium facility single-pass ventilation system
• Primary Containers
• Figure 4-2. Secondary containment
• Low-Quality Secondary Containers
• Tritium Cleanup and Removal Systems
• Tritium Cleanup and Removal Systems cont'd
• Figure 4-6. Confinement volume cleanup rate as a function of system time constant, F/V, assuming an exponential dilution rate
• Future Directions in Tritium Removal and Cleanup
• Building Ventilation System
• Building Ventilation System cont'd
• Chilled Water System
• Seismic and Wind Design and Evaluation of Structures and Facilities
• Other Design Considerations
• Lessons Learned
• SNLL Tritium Research Laboratory
• SRS Old Tritium Extraction Facility
• Design of Equipment
• Material Compatibility
• Joining
• Structural Metals
• Copper and Copper Alloys
• Polymers
• First Wall Design
• Secondary Wall Design
• Short-Term Storage
• Surveillance and Maintenance
• Seismic Design and Evaluation of Equipment and Distribution Systems
• Table 5-1. Representative equipment found in tritium facilities
• Figure 5-1. Development of the seismic equipment list
• Figure 5-2. Comparison of seismic capacity spectra to seismic demand spectra
• Fire Scenarios
• Proportional Counters
• Gas Samplers
• Specialized Instrumentation
• Surface Activity Monitor
• Table 5-2. SAM technical specifications
• Type B Shipping Packages
• Recommendations for Improvements for Product Containers
• Valve Container Operations
• Figure 6-1. Use of double valve container
• Tritium Apparatus, Isolation Valves, and Purge Ports
• Tritium Apparatus, Isolation Valves, and Purge Ports cont'd
• Receiving Tritium
• Packaging and Transportation
• Selection of Proper Packaging
• Form and Quantity of Tritium
• Table 7-1. Allowable quantities of tritium per 49 CFR 173
• Minimum Requirements for Packaging
• Onsite versus Offsite Shipments
• Package Loading and Preparation for Shipment
• Leak Testing
• Type A Package Documentation
• Type B User Documentation
• Type B User Documentation cont'd
• Quality Assurance/Control Requirements
• Quality Assurance Requirements for Type B Packages
• Approved Limits for the Release of Contaminated Materials and Property Containing Residual Radioactive
• Release Limit Requirements for Surface-Contaminated Material
• Wipe Material
• Environmental Discharge Requirements
• Tritium-Contaminated Waste Water
• Tritium-Contaminated Waste Water Disposal
• Solidification on Polymers
• Waste Characterization
• Waste Knowledge
• Tritium Disposition Options
• Economic Discard Limit for Tritiated Water
• Figure 8-1. Ultimate disposition of tritiated material
• Waste Packaging
• Waste Shipping
• Appendix A: Useful Numerical Values
• Regulatory Quantities cont'd
• Tritium Dose and Exposure Data
• Other Data
• Appendix B: Definitions
• Definitions cont'd
• Definitions cont'd
• Definitions cont'd
• Definitions cont'd
• Definitions cont'd
• Appendix C: Assay Methods
• Tritium Assay Analysis by PVT Mass Spectrometer
• TABLE C-1. Table of tritium compressibility factors
• Table C-1. Table of Tritium Compressibility Factors at 295 K (continued)
• Tritium Assay Analysis by PVT Mass Spectrometer
• Tritium Assay Analysis by PVT Mass Spectrometer cont'd
• Figure C-1. Change in mole percent with time in a mixture of 40% T2, 40% 3He and 20% Ar
• Tritium Assay Analysis by PVT Mass Spectrometer cont'd
• Tritium Assay Analysis by PVT Mass Spectrometer cont'd
• Figure C-2. Moles of T2 and 3He versus time
• Figure C-4. Mole percent of T2, D2, DT, and 3He versus time
• Calorimetry Assay
• Calorimetry Assay cont'd
• Appendix D: Contamination and Surface Activity Thresholds
• Table 1 Surface Activity Guidelines
• Appendix E: Resources Used In Writing This Handbook
• Resources Used In Writing This Handbook cont'd
• Resources Used In Writing This Handbook cont'd
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• Appendix F: Charter of the Tritium Focus Group
• Charter of the Tritium Focus Group cont'd
• Charter of the Tritium Focus Group cont'd cont'd
• Concluding Material
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Tritium Handling and Safe Storage

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