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DOE-STD-3013-2004
General corrosion is not a credible problem because the quantity of oxidizer (oxygen
or water) available to react with the thick-walled containers is too limited to be
significant. The initial amount of elemental oxygen present if an air atmosphere was
present during packaging is very small, and little or no elemental oxygen is expected
to result from catalytic or radiolytic decomposition of water (see Section A.6.1.2 of
this appendix). This also makes corrosion pitting highly unlikely.
Unlike general corrosion, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is not mass limited. While
SCC is a definite issue for stainless steel in moist oxidizing environments, Kolman's
evaluation concludes that SCC is not a concern if conditions within the storage
containers are maintained above the dew point of the contained atmosphere. This
conclusion holds even in the presence of chloride salts and temperatures as high as
250C. The stabilization and packaging criteria of this Standard, the anticipated
elevated temperatures during storage, and the affinity of plutonium oxide for water
provide confidence that dew points will never be exceeded within the packages. A
recent review of experience in storing pyrochemical salts at numerous sites in the
DOE complex showed that chloride corrosion has not presented a significant storage
problem in the past when liquid water (and other corrosive agents) were avoided, in
agreement with the predictions of Kolman [Kolman 1999] regarding storage of
materials under this Standard [also see Tandon et al. 1999b].
Kolman's paper also addresses radiation induced SCC and hydrogen embrittlement.
These are not anticipated to be issues if, as expected, significant plastic strain is not
introduced into the containers and large hydrogen pressures (well above that
predicted by the pressure equation) do not develop in the containers. Preliminary
accelerated corrosion susceptibility tests of stainless steel weld specimens support
this conclusion. Kolman's paper states that it is critical that welding practices do not
result in sensitization of the stainless steel container. To avoid sensitization, the use
of low carbon grades of stainless steel is strongly recommended, as is the use of
weld filler material. Moreover, the use of stress-relieved container materials is
strongly recommended.
Likewise, it is concluded that gallium embrittlement is unlikely to be a significant
issue [Kolman/Chavarria, 2003 and Kolman et al., 2003].
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