Causes of Accidental Exposures

DOE-HDBK-1109-97

Radiological Safety Training for Radiation-Producing (X-Ray) Devices

Student's Guide

DOE facilities are designed and operated to reduce personnel dose equivalents as far below the

occupational limits as reasonably achievable. The dose equivalent received by DOE X-ray

workers is typically between 0 and 100 mrem per year above the natural background.

CAUSES OF ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURES (KEY ITEM)

Although most X-ray workers do not receive radiation doses near the regulatory limit, it is

important to recognize that X-ray device-related accidents have occurred when proper

procedures have not been followed. Failure to follow proper procedures has been the result of:

Rushing to complete a job.

Boredom.

Fatigue.

Illness.

Personal problems.

Lack of communication.

Complacency.

Every year there are numerous X-ray incidents nationwide. Of these, about one third result in

injury to a person. The incident rate at DOE laboratories is much lower than the national

average.

ALARA

Because the effects of chronic doses of low levels of ionizing radiation are not precisely

known, we assume there is some risk for any dose. The ALARA principle is to keep radiation

dose as low as reasonably achievable, considering economic and social constraints.

The goal of an ALARA Program is to keep radiation dose as far below the occupational dose

limits and administrative control levels as is reasonably achievable. The success of an

ALARA Program is directly linked to a clear understanding and following of the policies and

procedures for the protection of workers. Keeping radiation dose ALARA is the responsibility

of all workers, management, and the radiation-protection organization.