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DOE-HDBK-1109-97
Radiological Safety Training for Radiation-Producing (X-Ray) Devices
Student's Guide
J.
REDUCING EXTERNAL DOSE (KEY ITEM)
Three basic ways to reduce external doses are to
Minimize time.
Maximize distance.
Use shielding.
Minimize time near a source of radiation by planning ahead. Increase distance by moving
away from the source of radiation whenever possible. The dose from X-ray sources is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance. This is called Athe inverse square law,@
that is, when the distance is doubled, the dose is reduced to one-fourth of the original value.
Proper facility design uses the amount and type of shielding appropriate for the radiation
hazard. Lead, concrete, and steel are effective in shielding against X-rays.
7


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