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DOE-STD-1128-98
Guide of Good Practices for Occupational Radiological Protection in Plutonium Facilities
achieve such a sample are given in numerous references such as the DOE Implementation
Guide. Workplace Air Monitoring (DOE, 1999f), and ANSI N13.1-1969, Guide to
Sampling Airborne Radioactive Materials in Stacks and Ducts (ANSI, 1969b). For
sampling, the analytical methods are the same as those discussed in Chapter 3 of this
document for workplace sampling.
Monitoring is used to determine if current conditions are within expected parameters and to
initiate corrective action if they are not. For monitoring, the system design should conform
to ANSI N42.18, Specification and Performance of On-site Instrumentation for
Continuously Monitoring of Radionuclides in Effluents (ANSI, 1974b). The choice of the
filter medium will depend on the analysis that will be done on the sample. For samples
containing only plutonium particulate, a non-absorbing filter such as a membrane filter will
have the highest efficiency for alpha counting. In all cases, the final count must be done
after any residual radon has decayed because it will often result in a large amount of alpha
on the filter that is not plutonium. If there are other radionuclides in the waste stream that
cannot be decayed in a reasonable time, either alpha spectroscopy or chemical separation
must be done. Chemical analysis must also be done if there are stable contaminants of
interest such as beryllium or heavy metals. The nature of these procedures is beyond the
scope of this document.
8.2.5 Disposal
Airborne effluents are not stored. Disposal of the airborne effluent, possibly containing
traces of plutonium, is generally arranged by the design of the facility and the existing air-
quality permits. Normally, the design of the facility is such that the method of disposal of
the cleaned effluent should be unimportant during normal operation. However, the facilities
are designed to minimize the impact of a filter failure or operational difficulty that results in
a release. Disposal of airborne effluents is handled at the design, environmental impact
assessment, and safety analysis stages of facility construction. Disposal of secondary waste
from air cleaning is covered in the sections that follow.
8.3
SOLID WASTE
Solid waste will come from all phases of operation and from decommissioning of plutonium
facilities. Because most plutonium solid waste will be TRU (containing more than 100 nCi/g),
disposal in the near future is uncertain. Thus, it is highly desirable to minimize the generation of
solid waste in the design, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning of plutonium facilities.
8-8


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