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|  DOE-HDBK-1130-98
Module 2 Biological Effects
Instructor's Notes
e.
Other minor contributors
Discuss: It has been more than
20 years since atmospheric
Other contributors to dose include consumer
testing has been conducted.
products, industrial sources, and atmospheric
testing of nuclear weapons.
3.
Average annual dose
EO2 Identify the average
annual dose to the general
The average annual total effective dose equivalent to
population from natural
the general population (non-smokers) from naturally
background and manmade
occurring and manmade sources is about 360 mrem.
sources of radiation.
B. Effects of Radiation on Cells
The human body is made up of many organ systems.
Each system is made up of tissues. Specialized cells
make up tissues. Ionizing radiation can potentially affect
the normal function of cells.
1.
Biological effects begin with the ionization of atoms
a.
The method by which radiation causes damage
EO3 State the method by
to human cells is by ionization of atoms in the
which radiation causes
cells. Atoms make up the cells that make up the
damage to cells.
tissues of the body. Any potential radiation
damage begins with damage to atoms.
Review the four types of
ionizing radiation.
b.
A cell is made up of two principal parts, the body
of the cell and the nucleus. The nucleus is like
the brain of the cell.
c.
When ionizing radiation hits a cell, it may strike a
vital part of the cell like the nucleus or a less
vital part of the cell, like the cytoplasm.
2.
Cell sensitivity
Some cells are more sensitive than others to
environmental factors such as viruses, toxins, and
ionizing radiation.
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